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【關鍵詞】RCD;剩余電流保護器;路燈漏電;ASJ剩余電流繼電器
0 引言
幾天的河南省鄭州市特大暴雨持續牽動著全國人民的心,相關新聞持續登上熱搜。其中2021年7月18日18時至21日0時,鄭州出現罕見持續強降水天氣過程,全市普降大暴雨、特大暴雨,累積平均降水量449毫米。7月21日3時,河南省防指決定將防汛應急響應別由Ⅱ提升為Ⅰ。7月21日,中共總書記、國家主席、軍委主席對防汛救災工作作出重要指示。
目鄭州已經從暴雨災害中初步走出,7月22日13時,鄭州市防指決定將防汛I應急響應降至Ⅲ,2021年7月24日10時,河南鄭州市區公交線路恢復營運率已達84%。
本次暴雨損失慘重,截至2021年7月26日,據初步統計,暴雨引發的洪澇和次生災害已導致69人遇難,930.57萬人受災。
2021年7月24日起,年第六號臺風“煙花”從江浙滬登陸,至27號基本結束對上海的影響,據統計“煙花”在近十年臺風影響過程中雨量排名、風速排名二(僅次于2019年第9號臺風“利奇馬”),24日夜間到25日陸地和沿江沿海地區普遍出現9~12陣風,洋山港區和沿海海面陣風14。
值得慶幸的是,由于上海提采取多項必要措施,包括部分地鐵公交停運、工廠停工等,目未見到人員傷亡報道。但從全國范圍來看,本次臺風并未結束,目繼續沿安徽山東北上,相關地區仍需做好各項預警措施。
近幾年異常天氣增多,給全國人民的生命安全和財產安全帶來了巨大的危害,雖然在險救災中不斷涌現出可歌可泣的英雄事跡,但面對個個逝去的生命和巨大的經濟損失,我們須反復思考,我們在安全預警和提防范方面還能做到哪些?
實際上,災害發生后的次生災害往往危害更大,比如暴雨之后的路燈觸電事故。作為城市的基礎設施之,路燈運行過程中,往往由于用電環境惡劣、線路老化、電纜接頭絕緣不良、整流器發熱、外力損壞、產品質量等原因造成漏電,使路燈的金屬燈桿帶電,并直接危及到行人的安全。因此對路燈設施進行采取防漏電措施勢在必行。
剩余電流動作保護器 ( Residual Current Operated Protective Devices,RCD) 是種漏電保護裝置,被廣泛地應用在低壓配電系統中,是低壓電網防止電擊事故、電氣設備漏電損壞和電氣火災的防護措施,在國內外低壓電網中獲得了廣泛的應用。
1 路燈用電安全的現狀
1)路燈設施被損壞情況較嚴重
隨著城市的快速發展,道路改造、地鐵施工等市政建設越來越多,由于建設單位不規范、不文明施工造成電纜被挖斷、挖損的情況經常發生,造成電纜裸露;此外,破壞路燈燈門造成燈線裸露、破損,都存在安全隱患。
2)電纜接頭絕緣處理工藝落后
路燈線路具有供電半徑長、負載分散、接頭眾多的特點,而且接頭處理工藝多樣,無法做到標準化安裝。大部分地區采用傳統的膠布纏繞,部分地區采用絕緣穿刺、熱縮套管、灌封膠等,都存在不小的弊端,這種接頭容易進水或混入水蒸氣,時間長了就會逐漸損害電纜的絕緣強度而造成故障,運行隱患很大。
3)末端燈具的保護電器成為事故源之
根據《城市道路照明工程施工及驗收規程》(CJJ89-2012)的要求,每盞燈的相線應裝設熔斷器作為燈具的保護電器,這種保護電器般沒有任何的防水防潮措施,固定或懸掛在燈桿檢修門內,而燈桿內屬高溫潮濕環境,其接線端子特別容易生銹,使得接觸電阻加大,通過電流時產生發熱從而燒毀接線端子燒斷燈線,“碰桿”現象時有發生。
4)路燈電氣保護靈敏度不高
目路燈配電采用TN-S系統,供電線路長、阻抗大,再加上故障點接地電阻的影響,單相接地電流就比較小,路燈箱變內線路多采用空氣開關可能無法快速切除故障,出現漏電情況時不能及時、自動切斷電源,容易出現燈桿或線路漏電情況。曾有設計院做過試驗,900m(5*25)電纜末端發生火線碰桿,短路電流測得148A,端的63A塑殼開關在42s后跳閘。
5)城市內澇成為普遍現象
隨著城市化進程的腳步,城市內排水管網的建設跟不上城市面積的擴大速度,到暴雨天氣,許多路段都會出現積水現象。路燈電纜的破損點、路燈電纜接頭、燈具的保護電器等如果發生浸水,其周圍水域都可能會帶電。
另外目燈桿燈門安裝高度般為離地40cm,但是由于建設時標準不或者道路改造造成后期路面升高等原因,燈門離地高度般達不到40cm,在暴雨等惡劣天氣下,會造成雨水倒灌燈桿內,積水浸泡電纜接頭或積水處電纜破損導致周圍水域和帶電,存在行人被跨步電壓擊倒的風險和安全隱患。
因此,如何采取防漏電措施,防止人身觸電和由于漏電造成的種種危害,是目急需解決的問題。
1 current situation of electric safety of street lamps
1) the street lamp facilities are seriously damaged
with the rapid development of the city, there are more and more municipal construction such as road reconstruction and subway construction. Cables are often cut and damaged due to non-standard and uncivilized construction by the construction unit, resulting in exposed cables; In addition, there are potential safety hazards by damaging the street lamp door, resulting in exposed and damaged lamp lines.
2) the insulation treatment process of cable joint is backward
the street lamp line has the characteristics of long power supply radius, scattered load and many joints, and the joint treatment processes are diverse, so it is impossible to achieve standardized installation. Most areas use traditional tape winding, and some areas use insulation puncture, heat shrinkable sleeve, potting glue, etc. there are many disadvantages. This kind of joint is easy to enter water or mix water vapor, which will gradually damage the insulation strength of the cable over a long time, resulting in failure and great hidden dangers in operation.
3) protective appliances of end lamps become one of the accident sources
according to the requirements of code for construction and acceptance of urban road lighting engineering (cjj89-2012), the phase line of each lamp shall be equipped with a fuse as the protective appliance of the lamp. Generally, this protective appliance is fixed or hung in the lamp post access door without any waterproof and moisture-proof measures. However, the lamp post is in a high-temperature and humid environment, and its wiring terminal is particularly easy to rust, resulting in increased contact resistance, When the current passes through, it generates heat, thus burning the wiring terminal, burning the lamp line, and the phenomenon of "hitting the rod" occurs from time to time.
4) the electrical protection sensitivity of street lamps is not high
at present, TN-S system is adopted for street lamp distribution, with long power supply line and large impedance. In addition, due to the influence of grounding resistance at fault point, the single-phase grounding current is relatively small. Air switches are mostly used in the lines in street lamp box transformer, which may not be able to quickly remove the fault. In case of leakage, the power supply cannot be cut off timely and automatically, which is prone to leakage of lamp pole or line. A design institute has conducted a test. The live wire bumped the pole at the end of 900m (5 * 25) cable, the short-circuit current was measured as 148A, and the 63A plastic shell switch at the front tripped after 42s.
5) urban waterlogging has become a common phenomenon
with the pace of urbanization, the construction of urban drainage network can not keep up with the expansion of urban area. When it comes to rainstorm weather, ponding will occur in many road sections. If the damage point of street lamp cable, street lamp cable joint and protective appliances of lamps are flooded, the surrounding waters may be charged.
in addition, at present, the installation height of the lamp door of the lamp pole is generally 40cm above the ground. However, due to different standards during construction or the rise of the road in the later stage caused by road reconstruction, the height of the lamp door from the ground is generally less than 40cm. In severe weather such as rainstorm, rain will pour back into the lamp pole, the ponding will soak the cable joint or the cable at the ponding will be damaged, resulting in the surrounding water area and electrification, There is a risk and potential safety hazard that pedestrians are knocked down by step voltage.
Therefore, how to take anti electric leakage measures to prevent personal electric shock and various hazards caused by electric leakage is an urgent problem to be solved.
2 相關國家標準的規定
1)《GB 50054-2011 低壓配電設計規范》第5.2.18 規定:
“TT系統中,配電線路的間接接觸防護的保護電器應采用剩余電流動作保護電器或過電流保護電器。”
第5.2.13規定:
“TN系統中,配電線路采用過電流保護電器兼作間接接地防護電器時,其動作特性應符合本規范第5.2.8條的規定;當不符合規定時,應采用剩余電流動作保護電器。”
可見采用TT接地方式的路燈配電線路和過流保護無法滿足保護要求的TN接地方式的路燈配電線路都應配置剩余電流動作保護電器作為保護措施。
2)《CJJ 45-2015 城市道路照明設計標準》第6.1.5條規定:
“道路照明配電系統應具有短路保護和過負荷保護,并應符合國家標準GB50054《低壓配電設計規范》的要求,各單相回路應單獨進行控制和保護。每個燈具應設有單獨保護裝置。”
3)《GBT 13955-2017 剩余電流動作保護裝置安裝和運行》
其中第4.4條 “應安裝RCD的設備和場所”中的4.4.1 d類“安裝在戶外的電氣裝置”,路燈作為室外的用電設備,應該配備剩余電流動作保護裝置。
3 ASJ系列剩余電流繼電器
安科瑞電氣提供的ASJ系列剩余電流動作繼電器可與低壓斷路器或低壓接觸器等組成組合式剩余電流保護裝置,適用于交流 50Hz,額定電壓 400V 及以下的 TT 和 TN 系統配電線路,用來對電氣線路進行接地故障保護,防止接地故障電流引起的設備損壞和電氣火災事故,也可用來對人身觸電危險提供間接接觸保護。
1)型號和功能
2)技術參數
3)典型應用示意圖
4 小結
保證路燈設施安全運行是路燈管理部門的重要工作,但光靠到處巡查是不足以解決問題的,通過對低洼易澇點配電線路安裝RCD類裝置,同時輔以人工巡查和其它措施,比如要求道路改造施工單位合乎規范、文明施工等,做到科技手段與日常管理相結合,才能大限度地減少觸電傷亡事故的發生。
關鍵詞:暴雨季節路燈用電安全事故怎么避免
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